Minipress tablet action. In particular, the results of current study and the by Kalliomäki et al. (2012), which reported no improvement in the treatment-refractory patient group compared to the controls in terms of cognitive function, are strongly
achat sibutramine pas cher suggestive of the non-inferiority NAC to placebo or other nootropic drugs.
Our data show that NAC appears to improve the outcome of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This finding supports previous work showing improvement by oral l-carnitine monotherapy in patients with MCI (Mantelli et al., 2004a), which suggests that NAC may influence the pathogenesis of MCI. Our main finding is that oral NAC effective compared to placebo in patients with MCI, higher response rates. This suggests that the benefits of NAC extend beyond the acute improvement in symptoms. However, the of cognitive function may only reflect one aspect of its underlying mechanisms, as improvements were also observed with the oral supplement R-NAC which contains racetam.
Our results indicate that at least for this cohort of MCI patients the positive result of improvement is a specific character and indicates the usefulness of this compound for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction after AD [6-14% improvement on a cognitive testing battery (KMSE), 3-6% increase in learning and memory index (LAIR; Kalliomäki et al., 2002), 0.8-0.9 on a Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) (Kalliomäki et al., 2012), 4.4-6.0 on the MMSE and 3.1-4.6 an attention index (AII) (Kalliomäki et al., 2002]) and for the prevention of dementia (Kalliomäki, 2003; Kalliomäki et al., 2008), which supports the idea of a general mechanism acting after AD with similar mechanisms as those that are reported for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction. In particular, it is interesting to note that, unlike the other cognitive tests with exception of the MMSE, improvement in memory, although not statistically significant, suggests that this
Buy modafinil online france is a relatively stable finding and may therefore not be associated with long-term effects (Kalliomäki, 2009). It is possible further research would provide more conclusive results, but the data indicate promising data. Furthermore, these beneficial effects were observed only for these patients with AD-like symptoms. Further studies would be needed to test a large cohort of patients with MCI, and more specifically AD-like symptoms, to obtain more definitive results.
A number of different compounds are available to inhibit amyloid protein aggregation and reduce Alzheimer's symptoms (Hirvonen et al., 2000; Li 1999). Although NAC is one of the earliest non-naval CNS anti-amyloid agents (Tran and Tran, 2004), a number of different molecules are currently under investigation (Almeida, 2006). Thus, the current results are consistent with the notion that NAC may be effective in the treatment of AD by a number different mechanisms, which are consistent with those of other studies using drugs similar to NAC (Chu et al., 2007, 2010; Hjelm 2001; Trantham et al., 2008; 2012) [15–50% reduction in the serum plaque burden of amyloid-β in aged, healthy humans following oral administration of an NAC combination (Chu et al., 2007)]. In addition to the efficacy of NAC in preventing cognitive decline, previous research shows promising anti-amyloid effects in AD patients, which may support this view (Li et al., 2000; Trantham 2002). As with other drugs, an important role for NAC in the development of AD should be stressed (Kalliomäki, 2003; Kalliomäki et al., 2008; Trantham 2009), considering the fact that Alzheimer's disease is the main cause of dementia (Strowe, 2007) and in clinical management (De La Torre et al., 2000; Gao 2008; Lecoultre, 2002; O'Connor et al., 2003).
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